Abstract: To address the problems of high respiratory dust concentration, wide migration range, and localized enrichment in coal mine excavation faces, a high-efficiency graded control technology system was established to ensure underground operational safety. Taking the 1210 excavation face of Sima Coal Mine, Shanxi Lu'an Chemical Group, as the research object, tests on dust particle size characteristics and explosibility were conducted, and CFD simulations were performed to reveal the dust migration and enrichment patterns at the heading face, conveyor tail, and return air passage. A three-stage spray system featuring "source interception – midway control – end blocking" was designed, equipped with QJJ50-CN, UAM-18, and ZFS-4 nozzles, and a biological dust suppressant was introduced to enhance agglomeration efficiency. After optimization, the average respiratory dust concentration was reduced from 12.4 mg/m³ to 3.5 mg/m³, a reduction of 71.8%; the minimum concentration at the return air end was controlled to 1.9 mg/m³; and the total dust concentration reduction exceeded 65%. During system operation, the spray pressure fluctuation rate decreased from 12.5% to 2.6%, the nozzle clogging frequency dropped by 88.9%, and the effective operation rate reached 96.7%. This graded spray system achieves precise matching between droplet size and dust particle size, significantly improving dust control effectiveness and system stability.